1 00:00:08,120 --> 00:00:08,360 as a bit of echo? 2 00:00:08,360 --> 00:00:08,720 Well, well, Mutaz talk about. Yes. 3 00:00:08,720 --> 00:00:10,600 Well, well, Mutaz talk about. Yes. 4 00:00:10,600 --> 00:00:13,720 Thank you so much for giving me this opportunity. 5 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:18,520 For me, it feels really, really special to be back in in Madrid. 6 00:00:18,520 --> 00:00:20,560 I'm really sorry I have to do this in English. 7 00:00:20,560 --> 00:00:25,360 After ideas in the UK, I've got used to giving talks in English. 8 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:29,280 I think if I did it in Spanish it would be a complete disaster. 9 00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:32,400 And starting from, how do you say, optically 10 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:35,200 pumped magnetometers in Spanish, I have no idea. 11 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:38,840 And so, yeah, just do you I'm going to give you 12 00:00:38,840 --> 00:00:42,920 a bit of introduction of what Meg magnesium. 13 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:45,160 So photography is used for 14 00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:49,680 and also the limitations and why we're doing this. 15 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:51,800 These, these work. 16 00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:54,160 Then I'll introduce the, the optics, the optical upon 17 00:00:54,200 --> 00:00:56,520 magnetometers, the sensors that we're using, 18 00:00:57,320 --> 00:00:59,720 and then I'll go on to talk about the journey 19 00:01:01,040 --> 00:01:03,680 of the technology showing some demonstrations 20 00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:07,200 and then finishing with the system how it looks now. 21 00:01:08,440 --> 00:01:10,520 So a bit of an introduction 22 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:13,160 to the neural neuroimaging neuroscience 23 00:01:14,440 --> 00:01:15,440 field. 24 00:01:15,440 --> 00:01:19,440 As you probably know, there are many neurological mental 25 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:22,720 health conditions, so I'm just going to go through a few of these. 26 00:01:23,280 --> 00:01:24,560 For example, epilepsy. 27 00:01:24,560 --> 00:01:27,800 Around 60 million people worldwide suffer from this, 28 00:01:27,800 --> 00:01:31,600 which is a very debilitating disorder. 29 00:01:32,360 --> 00:01:36,200 Also, one in 100 people suffers from schizophrenia. 30 00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:41,720 One person every 95 seconds is admitted to hospital 31 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:45,040 after having had a concussion. 32 00:01:45,040 --> 00:01:49,360 One in four people will suffer a mental health disorder at some point. 33 00:01:50,400 --> 00:01:52,000 Also, Alzheimer's. 34 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:56,760 In an aging population, dementia is growing markedly and we don't 35 00:01:56,920 --> 00:02:00,800 really know what the underlying mechanisms are happening in the brain. 36 00:02:01,040 --> 00:02:03,080 And the same happens. 37 00:02:03,080 --> 00:02:06,560 We know relatively little what happens in the brain 38 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:10,520 from the moment we are born to going through 39 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:13,280 childhood and adulthood. 40 00:02:13,640 --> 00:02:16,400 So sometimes the techniques 41 00:02:16,400 --> 00:02:20,280 that we have available to study some of these conditions 42 00:02:21,040 --> 00:02:24,360 like MRI or Medigap, 43 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:27,240 we are looking at the structure of the brain, 44 00:02:27,640 --> 00:02:30,520 but sometimes the structure looks completely 45 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:33,400 healthy. 46 00:02:33,440 --> 00:02:37,240 But we need new ways of assessing the function of the brain. 47 00:02:37,240 --> 00:02:40,040 So looking at the brain activity 48 00:02:41,720 --> 00:02:44,480 and one of these techniques is to make magnets is for photography. 49 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:50,360 So the name means magnetars. 50 00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:55,080 So magnetic fields measured from that come from the head. 51 00:02:55,520 --> 00:02:59,960 So like any other electrical current that produces magnetic field, our brains 52 00:02:59,960 --> 00:03:04,520 and the neurons in the brain produce current electrical currents, 53 00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:07,880 and we can pick up the magnetic fields that they create. 54 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:11,040 So the systems look a bit like this 55 00:03:11,840 --> 00:03:14,320 so we can get a map of magnetic fields 56 00:03:14,520 --> 00:03:18,240 on the scalp outside the head, 57 00:03:18,240 --> 00:03:23,160 and then we can reconstruct these magnetic fields that we have 58 00:03:24,640 --> 00:03:25,160 outside the 59 00:03:25,160 --> 00:03:29,000 heads, doing some mathematical modeling on source localization. 60 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:34,600 We can then get the current that is has produced those magnetic fields 61 00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:38,480 so we can get these images of current density 62 00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:42,200 and we can overlay it onto a magnetic resonance image 63 00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:45,520 to to look at this activity whilst 64 00:03:46,480 --> 00:03:48,680 the participants perform a task. 65 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:52,760 So some examples of how 66 00:03:54,560 --> 00:03:57,200 Meg can help us understand more about the brain. 67 00:03:57,200 --> 00:03:59,000 So it has really good spatial resolution. 68 00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:01,480 This is an example of a paper from a few years back 69 00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:04,640 where subjects were asked to 70 00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:07,760 to move their index index finger on their little finger. 71 00:04:08,240 --> 00:04:11,560 And we know that these regions in the brain, in the motor 72 00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:14,600 cortex, are separated by very, very small distances. 73 00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:17,240 And Meg can pick up these differences. 74 00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:21,000 Also clinically, Maggie's 75 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:25,680 were used worldwide for epilepsy. 76 00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:28,880 It is used to localize the abnormal part 77 00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:33,080 of the brain where the epileptic seizures are coming from, 78 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:37,400 and then surgeons can base these there. 79 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:40,400 The resection of the part of the brain, 80 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:43,160 they can based it on the on the MEG results. 81 00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:48,400 So it's been shown in a paper on a thousand patients that the outcome 82 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:53,000 of having how to make a scan before the surgery is it 83 00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:56,520 it gives it gives higher chance of seizure 84 00:04:57,280 --> 00:04:59,840 freedom in the future 85 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:03,560 also in a mental health 86 00:05:03,600 --> 00:05:04,240 field. 87 00:05:04,240 --> 00:05:07,880 There's also this is an example of some work done in Nottingham 88 00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:12,080 a few years back looking at schizophrenia and comparing it. 89 00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:17,400 A group of patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy subjects. 90 00:05:17,640 --> 00:05:22,640 So here on the right there, it's a plot that we normally look at in Meg where 91 00:05:22,640 --> 00:05:28,480 we have frequency on the vertical axis and time on the, on the horizontal axis. 92 00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:30,320 And this is a very simple task. 93 00:05:30,320 --> 00:05:33,640 We just ask people to move their finger for 2 seconds and then stop 94 00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:38,560 and we see a decrease in the activity during that movement of the finger 95 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:44,600 and then followed by an increase over baseline, then going back to baseline. 96 00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:47,720 And if we compare with the patients with schizophrenia, 97 00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:50,720 we already can see some qualitatively changes. 98 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:54,320 Like if I go back that increase 99 00:05:54,400 --> 00:05:58,400 followed by the cessation of movement is decrease. 100 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:02,880 So we can already start to pick up differences in some patients 101 00:06:03,640 --> 00:06:06,160 groups. 102 00:06:06,160 --> 00:06:10,800 But Meg has problems and that's why I'm giving this talk, I guess. 103 00:06:11,480 --> 00:06:14,320 So the magnetic fields that we're measuring, they're really, really small. 104 00:06:15,560 --> 00:06:16,120 This is 105 00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:19,040 sort of a scale of magnetic fields that we have out there. 106 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:21,680 So an MRI scanner is a few Tesla. 107 00:06:21,880 --> 00:06:26,640 We're comparing it to a billion times smaller than the Earth's field, 108 00:06:26,640 --> 00:06:29,120 which is what the field we're sitting in now. 109 00:06:30,560 --> 00:06:32,840 So measuring 110 00:06:32,840 --> 00:06:35,360 the max signal is really, really tricky. 111 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:39,320 And we need to do this inside a magnetically shielded room. 112 00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:41,840 So max systems are housed in these rooms 113 00:06:43,040 --> 00:06:46,240 to attenuate external interference from the earth, 114 00:06:46,240 --> 00:06:50,120 but also other interference like cars and computers and everything. 115 00:06:50,120 --> 00:06:53,720 You have it around us. 116 00:06:53,720 --> 00:06:56,440 The hardware, 117 00:06:56,440 --> 00:07:01,000 the sensors that are used in Meg are called Squid's superconducting quantum 118 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:05,280 interference devices, and they're really, really sensitive to magnetic fields. 119 00:07:05,280 --> 00:07:07,280 So you have around three FEM to Tesla. 120 00:07:07,280 --> 00:07:10,320 So we're in the region of measuring brain fields 121 00:07:11,320 --> 00:07:11,960 and we have 122 00:07:11,960 --> 00:07:15,120 so conventional systems, the ones that we have 123 00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:20,600 there's here in Murray very there are hundreds of these squids 124 00:07:20,720 --> 00:07:24,560 and that are placed inside this big dewar 125 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:28,160 that has liquid helium inside because there are superconducting sensors 126 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:31,280 and this is the adult version and this is a baby 127 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:34,520 version as well. 128 00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:36,680 So squids, they're really sensitive. 129 00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:41,760 They can pick up the magnetic fields from the brain with high accuracy. 130 00:07:41,760 --> 00:07:44,520 They are they have high bandwidth, whole head culverts. 131 00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:47,720 These systems have have been around for four decades now. 132 00:07:48,600 --> 00:07:50,680 They're well-characterized. 133 00:07:50,680 --> 00:07:55,240 They're the the occurrence of these systems is that the distance 134 00:07:55,240 --> 00:07:58,640 from the sensitive sensor to the to the head 135 00:07:59,120 --> 00:08:01,920 is is quite large. 136 00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:04,400 They are fixed in in location. 137 00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:10,160 They have to be inside the Dewar and they need cryogenic cooling. 138 00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:13,720 So this translates into low signal to noise ratio 139 00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:17,400 because the fields that we're measuring are really small and we're quite far 140 00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:21,560 the fixed sensor location means it's a one size fits all. 141 00:08:21,560 --> 00:08:24,320 You might have the adult version, the baby version, but 142 00:08:25,840 --> 00:08:26,880 it means that the brain 143 00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:31,440 to sensor distance is going to be bigger for children, for babies, 144 00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:35,720 if using the same system also means that you need to keep still. 145 00:08:35,720 --> 00:08:40,720 So that's quite challenging for scanning kids or adults with movement disorders. 146 00:08:41,560 --> 00:08:42,760 And also the cryogenic cooling 147 00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:45,960 means there are high running costs associated with it. 148 00:08:46,760 --> 00:08:49,920 So this brings us to talk about optical power, 149 00:08:49,920 --> 00:08:51,400 magnetometer is 150 00:08:52,920 --> 00:08:55,400 a few maybe about ten years ago, 151 00:08:56,440 --> 00:08:58,720 advances in the quantum technologies. 152 00:08:59,400 --> 00:09:02,000 So a rapid development in these sensors 153 00:09:02,320 --> 00:09:04,920 and they started to compete against squid 154 00:09:06,280 --> 00:09:08,320 to measure magnetic fields, 155 00:09:08,320 --> 00:09:11,760 very coming of shapes and sizes. 156 00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:14,200 These are from these fan groups 157 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:15,640 in the U.S. 158 00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:18,920 But it was really the militarization of the sensors that 159 00:09:20,040 --> 00:09:24,480 made the MEG community to get excited for these new type of sensors. 160 00:09:24,480 --> 00:09:28,520 So these are some examples of the groups around the world 161 00:09:28,520 --> 00:09:31,400 developing different versions of of the sensors. 162 00:09:31,640 --> 00:09:36,200 And also some companies started to do to join the 163 00:09:37,160 --> 00:09:37,880 the efforts of 164 00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:40,560 making these sensors also commercially available. 165 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:44,680 So very briefly their work in principle of an OPM, 166 00:09:44,680 --> 00:09:47,880 we have a photodetector a glass cell with some 167 00:09:49,120 --> 00:09:52,840 alkali atoms inside a vapor of atoms and a laser. 168 00:09:53,280 --> 00:09:58,560 So when there's no and when there's no magnetic field of laser, 169 00:09:58,560 --> 00:10:01,440 the the atomic spins of these atoms are all randomized. 170 00:10:02,400 --> 00:10:04,480 Then we shine a laser. 171 00:10:04,880 --> 00:10:09,800 This is the the pumping, the works of the optical pump magnetometer. 172 00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:11,480 So we pump the atoms. 173 00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:15,440 So that means that all the atomic spends align with the laser. 174 00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:19,280 So at the photodetector, we measure the highest. 175 00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:23,720 So it goes through the glass cell and we see the highest 176 00:10:25,640 --> 00:10:27,400 transmission of the laser. 177 00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:30,160 What happens when we have a magnetic field, like, for example, 178 00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:34,600 the brain near the sensor, the atomic spins are going to change 179 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:37,040 and this is going to translate 180 00:10:37,040 --> 00:10:41,120 into a change in the laser light picked up by the photodetector. 181 00:10:41,120 --> 00:10:45,400 So by looking at the change in light, we can also know 182 00:10:45,400 --> 00:10:48,480 what the magnetic field caused This change. 183 00:10:49,480 --> 00:10:55,040 So comparing with hopes, the sensitivity really depends on the size of OPM's on 184 00:10:55,080 --> 00:10:58,080 their attack showed many different groups developing them. 185 00:10:58,480 --> 00:11:02,840 But he's getting very competitive, very similar to squids. 186 00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:05,920 The bandwidth is a bit more limited, but enough 187 00:11:05,920 --> 00:11:08,480 for measuring magnetic pressure on the brain. 188 00:11:09,360 --> 00:11:13,640 The number of channels is increasing quite rapidly 189 00:11:14,360 --> 00:11:17,760 and multichannel systems are being characterized. 190 00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:22,120 The good thing is that these sensors reduce the distance to the scalp. 191 00:11:23,720 --> 00:11:25,800 They are flexible so we can put them anywhere 192 00:11:26,720 --> 00:11:29,040 we are not limited by the viewer, 193 00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:33,520 They're not kept inside any anything and we don't depend on liquid helium. 194 00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:36,560 So this brings me to 195 00:11:36,560 --> 00:11:42,080 talk about the the journey of the work that we did during my Ph.D. 196 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:43,840 in in Nottingham. 197 00:11:43,840 --> 00:11:46,440 And the vision back then 198 00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:49,160 was can we turn these big, heavy, 199 00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:54,080 ugly machine expensive into something that we can wear? 200 00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:58,080 We can put sensors on a helmet more similar, like an EEG, 201 00:11:58,160 --> 00:12:01,080 like a electro and photography 202 00:12:02,240 --> 00:12:03,160 device. 203 00:12:03,800 --> 00:12:08,360 So we started doing some simulations which basically men can we bring these? 204 00:12:08,360 --> 00:12:11,840 If we bring the sensors closer to the scalp, 205 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:14,960 we're going to get higher signal. 206 00:12:14,960 --> 00:12:17,080 We're going to wear closer. 207 00:12:17,080 --> 00:12:19,560 So we were going to pick up more signal. 208 00:12:19,560 --> 00:12:22,520 And that overall 209 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:28,160 meant that we get a theoretical advantage of a55 times 210 00:12:28,160 --> 00:12:32,080 more signal just by putting the sensors sensors closer to the head. 211 00:12:33,280 --> 00:12:36,800 It was later in 2017 when we did our first 212 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:41,440 one channel recording with a sensor four from Houston. 213 00:12:42,120 --> 00:12:43,280 And these 214 00:12:44,360 --> 00:12:47,000 think Brian knows this is Gareth Barnes from UCL 215 00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:51,560 and we made this helmet for for him based on, on an MRI. 216 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:56,600 So we knew where the sensors where in respect to so his brain 217 00:12:57,080 --> 00:13:01,040 and we proved experimentally that it was about four times higher. 218 00:13:01,040 --> 00:13:04,240 So agreeing with the simulations in blue, 219 00:13:04,240 --> 00:13:10,320 you see the LPM signal and in in red you see the squid signal multiply 220 00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:15,560 by four is about four times higher for the OPM. 221 00:13:15,560 --> 00:13:20,560 And then he was later adding some hardware to the to the system 222 00:13:20,560 --> 00:13:23,920 that we did our first wearable OPM recordings. 223 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:28,560 The problems is that so as you saw in this photo here, 224 00:13:28,680 --> 00:13:32,520 we had the subject clamped on to the bed. 225 00:13:32,560 --> 00:13:34,880 So it was not very comfortable and it really defeats 226 00:13:34,880 --> 00:13:36,600 the point of flexibility of OPM. 227 00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:41,720 So we wanted to have people with the sensors free to move their head. 228 00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:45,680 But if we actually if we move the sensors like is shown 229 00:13:45,680 --> 00:13:48,840 in this video, I just go and take a drink the 230 00:13:49,480 --> 00:13:53,760 the signal of the OPM's satellites and we we don't get 231 00:13:56,360 --> 00:13:58,400 we don't get we cannot use that data 232 00:13:58,560 --> 00:14:02,880 because we've exceeded the dynamic range of the sensors, which is quite limited. 233 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:05,920 So we need to provide a better 234 00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:08,960 magnetic field environment within our room. 235 00:14:10,040 --> 00:14:12,640 So this is when my colleague 236 00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:15,200 now home joined and he 237 00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:18,320 he designed these spy plane 238 00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:21,000 coils that you can see these photo there 239 00:14:21,320 --> 00:14:25,360 originally that were made to fit around an existing cryogenic mech. 240 00:14:26,120 --> 00:14:28,880 But Niall designed these by applying coils to 241 00:14:30,160 --> 00:14:32,160 to create ascension here. 242 00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:35,680 So to create the magnetic fields needed to compensate 243 00:14:35,680 --> 00:14:39,800 for the remnant field in the room. 244 00:14:39,800 --> 00:14:43,040 Actually, these designs are adapted from MRI methods. 245 00:14:43,880 --> 00:14:46,880 And actually so Peter Mansfield's work in the building 246 00:14:46,880 --> 00:14:50,200 that we take his name in Nottingham 247 00:14:51,520 --> 00:14:54,520 is based on some of the developments, some of the legacy 248 00:14:54,520 --> 00:14:56,160 of these these work for MRI. 249 00:14:57,640 --> 00:14:59,800 So thanks to those coils, 250 00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:02,720 we can reduce the magnetic field inside the room to. 251 00:15:02,880 --> 00:15:08,280 So it was around 30 so monitors and then we go to pick a Tesla. 252 00:15:08,280 --> 00:15:10,240 So much, much smaller. 253 00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:13,520 This allows the sensors to keep working even when the subject moves. 254 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:16,720 So here you can see a video 255 00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:21,920 of me putting a ping pong ball on a on a bat. 256 00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:25,760 And we can see that the head is completely unrestricted 257 00:15:25,760 --> 00:15:27,440 where there's a bit of movement. 258 00:15:27,440 --> 00:15:30,600 But still we can see we can get really 259 00:15:32,160 --> 00:15:35,080 high fidelity data even though we have the head moving. 260 00:15:35,080 --> 00:15:38,760 So reconstructing to the motor area of the brain 261 00:15:39,680 --> 00:15:41,800 and then batting the ball for 10 seconds, we see that 262 00:15:42,040 --> 00:15:45,680 decreasing amplitude followed by an increase. 263 00:15:45,680 --> 00:15:49,960 As I show to in the the other light. 264 00:15:49,960 --> 00:15:51,160 So this was all very exciting. 265 00:15:51,160 --> 00:15:55,720 And after that we started exploring all the ways of of doing magic. 266 00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:59,560 So before scanning children below 267 00:15:59,560 --> 00:16:05,000 the age of eight was really tricky because they don't, they don't keep still. 268 00:16:05,360 --> 00:16:08,840 So we did our first pediatric experiment 269 00:16:08,840 --> 00:16:14,480 without the two brothers, a two year old and a five year old with a modified helmet 270 00:16:14,480 --> 00:16:17,760 that we bought on Amazon and just put some sensors. 271 00:16:17,760 --> 00:16:19,520 And we did. 272 00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:21,720 We got really good results. 273 00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:24,240 This was just a sensory task with a mum, 274 00:16:24,240 --> 00:16:28,720 the mother stroke the hand of the of the kid and we see that 275 00:16:28,720 --> 00:16:32,560 changing in, in activity in that sensory part. 276 00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:35,160 And then we wanted to 277 00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:39,120 play a bit with virtual reality because now we, we allow people 278 00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:42,160 to move their head than can we immerse them into a 279 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:45,360 Yeah, a virtual 280 00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:48,440 virtual reality environment. 281 00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:52,600 This was really tricky, but nevertheless we managed to get some good data 282 00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:56,960 using this headset 283 00:16:57,080 --> 00:17:01,320 and then luckily the sensors became much smaller. 284 00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:02,080 So this is that. 285 00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:05,640 So the second generation of sensors are just as the size of a 286 00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:08,880 of a Lego level piece. 287 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:11,920 So we started in 2019, 288 00:17:11,920 --> 00:17:15,000 the first experiments with this second generation. 289 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:18,000 One of the first things we did was to compare it with EEG 290 00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:21,760 because these might be of interest in some clinical 291 00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:24,920 work, perhaps. 292 00:17:24,920 --> 00:17:25,720 So we did. 293 00:17:25,720 --> 00:17:30,840 We had an EEG cap and then placed to ops on top 294 00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:34,280 and perform the same the same task we 295 00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:38,840 we put the sensors on the the optimal place to get the, the, 296 00:17:38,840 --> 00:17:41,760 the motor response that we were going to do. 297 00:17:42,080 --> 00:17:43,040 And we got really 298 00:17:44,120 --> 00:17:47,800 similar data across EEG and on OPM. 299 00:17:49,160 --> 00:17:52,320 However, we saw that when moving. 300 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:54,440 So if you have a subject moving 301 00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:59,160 the EEGs much more susceptible to to muscle artifacts, 302 00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:07,040 also the cup might be moving and the the data that we have them, 303 00:18:07,440 --> 00:18:10,920 the sun electrodes moving on the head, that also degrades the data. 304 00:18:11,120 --> 00:18:14,080 So we saw that he was about ten times worse than 305 00:18:15,200 --> 00:18:17,720 when using the ops 306 00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:21,680 and then that by the end of 307 00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:25,240 so towards the end of the year, we had a 50 channel 308 00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:29,720 50 sensor system. 309 00:18:29,720 --> 00:18:33,160 So I'll I'll show you some of the demonstration 310 00:18:33,160 --> 00:18:35,920 with this multichannel, 311 00:18:36,320 --> 00:18:37,280 multichannel system. 312 00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:39,560 So this is an old photo now 313 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:43,520 we moved, so we got a bit of funding, 314 00:18:43,520 --> 00:18:48,640 so we moved to a new room which is dedicated to open mics. 315 00:18:48,640 --> 00:18:51,760 So the room that we were in before where we had a 316 00:18:51,920 --> 00:18:55,640 a CTF system, one of the cryogenic companies 317 00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:59,520 there, the field there was 30 Nano Tesla, 318 00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:02,760 so quite large for the ops to, to operate 319 00:19:04,160 --> 00:19:07,160 these rooms that are manufactured by magnetic shields. 320 00:19:07,160 --> 00:19:10,400 A company in in England they 321 00:19:10,640 --> 00:19:13,160 they started working on making these rooms 322 00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:17,520 with lower magnetic background field. 323 00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:21,000 So we're able to to to use the census 324 00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:25,200 which we start with the census a much better place. 325 00:19:25,440 --> 00:19:26,400 We still have these. 326 00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:30,520 So you can see here a newer version of the biplane 327 00:19:30,520 --> 00:19:33,560 A coils that you can see in that photo there on the back. 328 00:19:34,960 --> 00:19:39,320 We also have gone through a few iterations of helmets, so we started 329 00:19:39,320 --> 00:19:45,520 with these subject specific ones and based on MRIs from the participants, 330 00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:50,880 then we went through a bike helmet, something that kids could wear and 331 00:19:51,320 --> 00:19:57,920 flexible caps and then more 3D printed, but now generic that more people can use. 332 00:19:57,920 --> 00:20:00,920 And later on I will talk more about this. 333 00:20:00,920 --> 00:20:02,320 But with Serco, we've been 334 00:20:03,560 --> 00:20:04,400 making these 335 00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:06,640 generic helmets that are lightweight, 336 00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:11,320 so we them multichannel systems. 337 00:20:11,320 --> 00:20:13,880 So we have 50 now sensors. 338 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:17,920 We we did comparison one with the cryogenic, 339 00:20:17,920 --> 00:20:21,840 which has about 300 sensors, but nevertheless we found that. 340 00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:26,080 So this is we scanned the subjects six times in each of these. 341 00:20:26,080 --> 00:20:28,800 So we've created helmet with a flexible helmet 342 00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:32,360 and then in the cryogenic and during a very simple task, 343 00:20:32,880 --> 00:20:37,280 a visual multitask, we see the visual response and the motor response. 344 00:20:37,760 --> 00:20:40,160 And very so these are all the different runs, 345 00:20:40,960 --> 00:20:43,720 very repeatable results. 346 00:20:43,720 --> 00:20:48,000 And also in terms of of in our comparing 50 sensors ops 347 00:20:48,320 --> 00:20:51,080 with 300 cryogenic sensors 348 00:20:52,160 --> 00:20:55,040 and then also use this data to look at conductivity. 349 00:20:55,040 --> 00:20:59,080 So it's so quiet, I would say hot topic in Meg to, 350 00:20:59,160 --> 00:21:02,600 to look at connections across the whole brain 351 00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:07,040 and in the different frequency bands and different regions. 352 00:21:07,040 --> 00:21:10,440 So we got very similar results 353 00:21:10,880 --> 00:21:14,720 comparing the OPM to the Cryogenic as well. 354 00:21:14,720 --> 00:21:17,600 And also it was here, it's probably easy to see 355 00:21:18,320 --> 00:21:20,520 we could pick up also subject differences. 356 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:23,200 So two subjects were scanned multiple times and 357 00:21:23,760 --> 00:21:29,080 this is the connectivity that the OPM system is picking up for both subjects. 358 00:21:29,080 --> 00:21:32,840 And this is the cryogenic and both OPM and cryogenic pick up differences 359 00:21:33,360 --> 00:21:35,840 in the same region of the brain 360 00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:39,480 for both subjects. 361 00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:43,040 Then we've been also doing all the types of experiments. 362 00:21:43,040 --> 00:21:47,480 So Motorola and and this is something that my colleague Ryan Heil is working on. 363 00:21:48,680 --> 00:21:52,120 So paradigms that we cannot do in a conventional. 364 00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:56,200 Meg, if I go back, you can play that video that requires 365 00:21:56,200 --> 00:22:00,320 a very large head movement to be able to to look at the instrument 366 00:22:01,520 --> 00:22:04,400 and play it, and we can get this once again. 367 00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:09,320 He scanned a few subjects multiple times, I think every day for a week, 368 00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:14,200 and we get really, really good data repeatable results, 369 00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:19,160 even though we are making very large movements. 370 00:22:19,160 --> 00:22:24,640 Then something more exciting now on this is quite new. 371 00:22:24,640 --> 00:22:26,360 Nigel Holmes. 372 00:22:26,360 --> 00:22:29,720 He's been developing new types of of coil systems. 373 00:22:29,720 --> 00:22:33,280 So the ones that you showed a biplane across which can be seen here 374 00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:35,640 at the back that I'll show you. 375 00:22:35,640 --> 00:22:39,680 I think there's another photo later on but he's been working on different 376 00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:44,480 types of coils that can tune can bring the field down 377 00:22:45,560 --> 00:22:48,120 following a subject as they move. 378 00:22:48,120 --> 00:22:51,800 So in here he's moving randomly, sitting down and turning around 379 00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:55,160 whilst he's pressing buttons and still 380 00:22:56,240 --> 00:22:58,520 he can get 381 00:22:58,520 --> 00:23:03,040 decent data even though he's moving around the room. 382 00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:08,360 But you can pick up these changes in the brain. 383 00:23:08,360 --> 00:23:11,480 And again, we had to do it this time. 384 00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:14,160 Not just me, but playing against my boss. 385 00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:17,240 Matt We played ping pong the two of us, 386 00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:20,520 and here you can see these coils that I was talking about. 387 00:23:20,720 --> 00:23:23,640 So these new coils 388 00:23:23,640 --> 00:23:27,560 can noodle the field in two different regions. 389 00:23:27,560 --> 00:23:31,920 So where the two heads are allowing for these movements of the head 390 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:35,480 and we get really good also. 391 00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:40,120 And data in the motor region whilst both 392 00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:45,560 both participants are playing ping pong, 393 00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:49,800 this is some work using the same sensors that we use from Q spin. 394 00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:54,160 This is from Brussels and from the group of Xavier 395 00:23:54,440 --> 00:23:57,200 where they've recently published a paper 396 00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:02,120 where they actually measured epileptic seizures 397 00:24:02,640 --> 00:24:05,120 with the OPS, which is really exciting 398 00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:09,960 and really exciting finding that it hadn't been done previously. 399 00:24:10,280 --> 00:24:13,840 And so this is another application of ops 400 00:24:15,080 --> 00:24:18,080 and also the flexibility of opens gives us 401 00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:21,360 not only ways of measuring the brain activity, 402 00:24:21,360 --> 00:24:25,440 but now we can start to think of measuring the 403 00:24:25,640 --> 00:24:29,880 the world, the human heart or the, the, the fetus heart. 404 00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:34,640 Hopefully the brain, the fetus brain as well. 405 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:40,160 So we've done preliminarily some experiments where we've picked up the 406 00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:44,360 the maternal heart on the fetal heart with open arms by placing them 407 00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:47,840 on the on the belly. 408 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:51,720 But yep, this shows that opens gives you also different 409 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:54,800 different ways of measuring by magnetism 410 00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:58,360 from the from the body. 411 00:24:58,360 --> 00:25:02,120 I mean this is a bit of a new 412 00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:05,200 so we I show you the first generation of sensors 413 00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:09,440 that they were quite large and we then got the second generation. 414 00:25:09,440 --> 00:25:12,800 This will be the third generation of sensors. 415 00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:16,240 So now before we had what 416 00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:19,520 we call dual axes because we can measure the feeling to direction. 417 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:23,360 So we place it plays the sensors on the head, so we get a radio 418 00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:26,040 and a tangential component of the field. 419 00:25:26,040 --> 00:25:28,040 Now we have try actual sensors. 420 00:25:28,040 --> 00:25:29,840 So there's another. 421 00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:33,160 So the laser that's in the sensors is split and you can 422 00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:36,160 you can pick up 423 00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:39,440 and you can measure the the other component of the magnetic field. 424 00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:41,160 And this 425 00:25:41,640 --> 00:25:45,760 in a paper by a few years, couple of years ago showed that 426 00:25:45,920 --> 00:25:50,000 these can help with rejecting interference better 427 00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,280 because you have more information of what the fields 428 00:25:53,280 --> 00:25:55,360 look like also gives 429 00:25:55,360 --> 00:25:59,760 more uniform coverage so more homogeneous sensitivity, 430 00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:04,640 especially in case I'll show you in the slide in a moment, and also gives 431 00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:08,280 more signal because you have, again, more information of the fields. 432 00:26:09,480 --> 00:26:13,000 So this is the the theoretical advantages of traversal. 433 00:26:13,040 --> 00:26:15,320 So in the middle here is the radial sensors. 434 00:26:15,320 --> 00:26:20,000 This is what all the experiments that I have shown you with the previous sensors. 435 00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:24,480 So this is for an adult and then for a two, four year old and a two year old. 436 00:26:24,480 --> 00:26:28,400 And you can see that the pattern, the sensitivity profile 437 00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:31,920 starts to get quite patchy, but we use its actual 438 00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:34,560 array of sensors. 439 00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:37,360 The it gets more homogeneous, so we're picking up 440 00:26:37,360 --> 00:26:39,440 more signal from the brain. 441 00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:44,280 And we've done a few experiments of these Dirac shows 442 00:26:44,520 --> 00:26:47,960 just to check that we're still getting a really good data 443 00:26:48,680 --> 00:26:52,520 and this is some work from last year we can actually we can pick up. 444 00:26:53,120 --> 00:26:56,240 These are a single trial responses, 445 00:26:56,240 --> 00:26:59,200 so really good sensitivity from these fractures. 446 00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:04,160 And we can now get a 3D visualization of the field that we couldn't do before 447 00:27:04,160 --> 00:27:06,360 because we didn't have that extra component. 448 00:27:08,040 --> 00:27:10,760 So we the tracks are open now that we have in Nottingham. 449 00:27:10,760 --> 00:27:13,600 We've been doing more 450 00:27:13,640 --> 00:27:16,720 new tasks that require large head movements. 451 00:27:16,720 --> 00:27:20,160 So this is the work that Mollie Wray has done 452 00:27:21,200 --> 00:27:23,200 with a 90 channel array 453 00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:28,040 of track shows where subjects were asked to, to to write down 454 00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:32,280 a word that appeared on the screen and that involved large heft movements. 455 00:27:32,280 --> 00:27:35,600 But again, the data was looking really, 456 00:27:35,720 --> 00:27:38,720 really good. 457 00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:42,080 And something that I particularly I'm really excited about and 458 00:27:42,920 --> 00:27:46,200 is the is the pediatric make that we can now 459 00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:48,760 scan children that 460 00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:51,440 we were not able to do in conventional systems. 461 00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:56,320 So this is work when Ryan, Natalie and Lucas are involved 462 00:27:57,080 --> 00:28:00,120 and so we've been developing these later helmets 463 00:28:00,120 --> 00:28:05,320 with Searhc and other companies and there's an ongoing study 464 00:28:05,320 --> 00:28:09,240 where we are trying to recruit children from, 465 00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:11,600 well, newborn to 13 years old. 466 00:28:12,280 --> 00:28:16,480 We've scanned 11 kits so far and we've done two tasks. 467 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:22,160 So one of them is this is a paradigm that is used in sick kids where they 468 00:28:22,160 --> 00:28:26,200 they scan children and typically develop children, 469 00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:29,680 but also children with autism. 470 00:28:29,680 --> 00:28:32,240 So one of the tasks is just 471 00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:36,440 a few faces up on the screen and also some concentric circles 472 00:28:36,440 --> 00:28:40,240 to look at some gamma bands or higher frequency responses. 473 00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:43,240 And then there's also we've done a sensory 474 00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:46,360 task where these Braille stimulators 475 00:28:47,360 --> 00:28:49,880 stimulate the index and the little finger, 476 00:28:51,080 --> 00:28:54,080 and this results are looking really promising. 477 00:28:54,080 --> 00:28:56,560 These are the emotional faces. 478 00:28:56,560 --> 00:28:59,840 We can get large evoked responses 479 00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:02,360 and at the back of the brain, in the visual 480 00:29:02,840 --> 00:29:06,560 and primary visual areas and also with high 481 00:29:07,160 --> 00:29:10,640 SNR in the visual areas and also the FUSIFORM 482 00:29:11,440 --> 00:29:15,520 and the Braille paradigm as well, we get a and evoke response. 483 00:29:15,520 --> 00:29:19,520 And also, as I've been showing for a while now, they this drop 484 00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:22,840 in the frequency band during movement, 485 00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:26,360 while during the stimulation story and B to band or 486 00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:32,480 localize to the sensory cortex as well. 487 00:29:32,480 --> 00:29:35,720 So now I'll go through what 488 00:29:35,720 --> 00:29:39,080 the system is now and going through a bit more. 489 00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:41,600 My involvement with Circa Magnetic. So 490 00:29:43,360 --> 00:29:47,680 and clearly there was a lot of interest in OPM technology 491 00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:53,280 and we we wanted to, to set this up to 492 00:29:53,840 --> 00:29:58,400 and to facilitate this technology, to go to other places, to other labs 493 00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:01,280 where they can do their their their specific 494 00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:04,320 research topic. 495 00:30:04,680 --> 00:30:08,400 So we with the University of Nottingham on the company 496 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:11,480 magnetic shields that make the the enclosure 497 00:30:12,520 --> 00:30:14,840 we formed circa in July 2020. 498 00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:19,960 And so far we've installed our system 499 00:30:20,120 --> 00:30:24,720 with so 44 dual axis system in SickKids in Toronto, 500 00:30:25,520 --> 00:30:29,000 a 64 sensor in young epilepsy 501 00:30:29,160 --> 00:30:32,040 in the south of England and very recently 502 00:30:33,360 --> 00:30:38,960 in Boystown in Nebraska, another 64 system. 503 00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:41,640 So I'll just briefly go through that. 504 00:30:41,640 --> 00:30:42,720 These three. 505 00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:46,040 So in SickKids, the Hospital for Sick Children 506 00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:49,880 and we retrofitted we call it a retrofit system 507 00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:55,760 because they already had a shielded room there from a from an old cryogenic system. 508 00:30:55,760 --> 00:30:57,640 You can see that at the back. 509 00:30:57,640 --> 00:31:01,040 So we installed the biplane, our coils to go around 510 00:31:01,240 --> 00:31:04,640 and to bring the to to compensate for these changes 511 00:31:04,640 --> 00:31:07,240 in in magnetic field 512 00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:10,960 and their main study, their main research is on 513 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:13,120 autism. 514 00:31:14,480 --> 00:31:16,840 It was probably not the easiest site 515 00:31:17,120 --> 00:31:21,080 that we could have started with after forming Saga because 516 00:31:22,920 --> 00:31:25,680 like here, the CTV is in 517 00:31:26,760 --> 00:31:29,800 quite a quiet, I'm getting sicker and 518 00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:34,200 in a very quiet part of my life. 519 00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:41,240 But here in SickKids, it's in our city center hospital where there is 520 00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:45,920 lots of interference from elevators to the metro to building works. 521 00:31:46,880 --> 00:31:48,760 I think the mighty of garage. 522 00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:53,480 So basically everything you don't want next to a mic system. 523 00:31:54,120 --> 00:31:55,240 So it was quite tricky. 524 00:31:55,240 --> 00:31:57,680 You can see these blue lines 525 00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:03,400 that's just the sensors in the room not doing anything. 526 00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:05,760 They go out of their dynamic range 527 00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:10,680 very quickly and compared to Nottingham with where we are in 528 00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:13,920 in the university campus in the middle of 529 00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:17,600 green fields, there's nothing around you. 530 00:32:17,640 --> 00:32:18,760 You don't see that much 531 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:25,280 interference, but with the coils 532 00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:29,000 compensating dynamically for these changes 533 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:32,320 in field, we can bring the, the sensors 534 00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:37,160 down to their operational range and we can perform, 535 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:39,400 make experiments 536 00:32:42,880 --> 00:32:45,840 and which 537 00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:50,800 would be 538 00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:53,240 interesting the way. 539 00:32:53,240 --> 00:32:57,320 Yeah, as you say. 540 00:32:57,920 --> 00:33:00,680 And so yeah 541 00:33:01,240 --> 00:33:07,480 this is so Ryan went out there to set up this system in Toronto and he 542 00:33:08,240 --> 00:33:10,280 so he scanned himself 543 00:33:11,440 --> 00:33:16,160 five or six times in, in Nottingham and then he said kids and we, 544 00:33:16,160 --> 00:33:20,240 we see sort of similar from that paper from a couple of years ago, 545 00:33:20,880 --> 00:33:24,280 very comparable results across to two very different sites. 546 00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:26,840 One very quiet, magnetically quiet and one, 547 00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:31,360 yeah, very, very different. 548 00:33:31,360 --> 00:33:33,840 The other sites in young epilepsy 549 00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:37,760 in, in the UK, again this was a retrofit so 550 00:33:37,760 --> 00:33:41,320 there was already the the shielded room there because of a project 551 00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:44,440 from well between magnetic 552 00:33:44,440 --> 00:33:47,760 shields Nottingham UCL and young epilepsy. 553 00:33:47,760 --> 00:33:51,320 They with this a UK project of light new room. 554 00:33:52,160 --> 00:33:55,720 They wanted to make a cheaper, lighter shielded room. 555 00:33:55,720 --> 00:34:00,840 So getting rid of one layer of the the the metal that they're made of 556 00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:04,600 but having coils you can see in this photo here 557 00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:07,320 having the coils inside the walls of the room. 558 00:34:08,200 --> 00:34:10,600 Can we give enough back around 559 00:34:10,640 --> 00:34:13,040 magnetic field for the sensors to operate? 560 00:34:13,640 --> 00:34:18,360 So then we installed a 128 tunnel system there and the 561 00:34:18,600 --> 00:34:22,000 then the patient supported the helmets and the 562 00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:26,200 the software and what they what they're going to be doing various 563 00:34:28,080 --> 00:34:30,200 they will be doing some clinical trials 564 00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:32,960 involving scanning children with epilepsy. 565 00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:38,480 This is some work that's been going on there as well. 566 00:34:38,480 --> 00:34:41,840 So doing concurrently, OPM's on an EEG. 567 00:34:41,840 --> 00:34:45,040 So this is work by silica where 568 00:34:45,960 --> 00:34:49,400 you should use the 64 sensor helmet 569 00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:51,400 and then some electrodes 570 00:34:52,640 --> 00:34:56,240 on the scalp and you get can very 571 00:34:57,360 --> 00:35:00,840 yes, similar results from it make an EEG in a simple 572 00:35:00,840 --> 00:35:05,480 task of just eyes open, eyes closed. 573 00:35:05,480 --> 00:35:09,680 And recently I have two of my colleagues are currently there 574 00:35:09,680 --> 00:35:11,800 in Boystown, in Nebraska, 575 00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:15,600 finishing the installation of this 576 00:35:15,600 --> 00:35:18,920 or the third system, 577 00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:21,880 which has been the first one where we've done all of it. 578 00:35:21,880 --> 00:35:24,880 So the installation of the room now you can see there, 579 00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:29,120 which is the same as the young epilepsy and 128 tunnel system. 580 00:35:29,760 --> 00:35:32,840 And they recently they've done very nice videos of the 581 00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:35,360 the inauguration of their of the center. 582 00:35:36,760 --> 00:35:38,840 So I think that's 583 00:35:40,080 --> 00:35:42,480 the I'm nearing the the end so 584 00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:46,280 to conclude these new generation of 585 00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:49,280 of sensors of quantum 586 00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:53,080 magnetic field sensors have enabled these wearable 587 00:35:53,360 --> 00:35:57,920 make magnets and so photography to become a reality. 588 00:35:58,880 --> 00:36:03,640 And now we can have participants moving and doing 589 00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:07,400 some different tasks that they were not they were not able to do before 590 00:36:08,080 --> 00:36:11,720 whilst getting really good and high fidelity data. 591 00:36:12,840 --> 00:36:15,520 And also this technology opens up 592 00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:18,160 new ways of doing new neuroscience 593 00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:21,920 research, but also hopefully help 594 00:36:21,920 --> 00:36:24,080 in the clinical setting as well. 595 00:36:25,160 --> 00:36:28,040 And so finally, I think for me, 596 00:36:28,040 --> 00:36:32,840 bringing open that to Spain is like closing my circle. 597 00:36:32,840 --> 00:36:36,080 I started, I studied here, I went away 598 00:36:36,080 --> 00:36:38,320 and now for me it would be a great 599 00:36:39,800 --> 00:36:42,400 it will be a dream to bring opium to Spain, 600 00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:45,160 but not appearing on a trailer offer 601 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:49,280 of Amazon Prime series up here in Spain. 602 00:36:49,280 --> 00:36:51,720 Completely random. But it was. 603 00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:54,520 Yeah, it was quite funny to see. 604 00:36:54,520 --> 00:36:57,560 But for me, actually bringing that technology 605 00:36:57,560 --> 00:37:01,000 and putting the system in the industry to be would be, 606 00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:05,240 yeah, a really 607 00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:07,600 a pleasurable dream. 608 00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:09,680 A dream come true. 609 00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:12,240 So with that I'll just 610 00:37:12,360 --> 00:37:15,560 I want to thank all of my collaborators and colleagues and funders 611 00:37:15,560 --> 00:37:18,440 and to all of you for listening